The Kemetic Aset
Oh, Aset, Great of Heka!
Heal me,
Release me from all things bad and evil!
Pap. Ebers, 18th Dyn.

Image source: my own postcard of statue bought at the Louvren, All rights Reserved.
An Effort at Defining Her
Origin - The Name of Aset - Mythical Background Divine Spouse and Mourner - Mortuary Deity - Mother of the King - Depictions
Origin
Isis, or Aset, as the original, ancient Egyptian name is, goes far back into history. The first time her name appears is in the Pyramid Texts, Utterance #4 dated to the Old Kingdom, Dynasty 5. One must suspect that she already at this time was well established in the Egyptian pantheon, by tradition, as she was among the deities required for the kingship to move on towards a life in the Hereafter.
The Name of Aset
Aset, or Ay-see as it is believed to have been, is written with the hieroglyph for "throne" or "seat". This indicates that she was seen as the one who supported the king and from which he rose. She was considered the King-maker. This was the case in early African cultures and is still to some degree today. So the name of Aset can probably be taken to mean "The Seat/Throne" of the king. Thereby she was the King´s symbolical mother and as such of special significance to him, but in these early days she was not a general mother goddess whom everyone turned to.
Mythical Background
In the earliest Creation Myth, from Heliopolis, Aset is both the sister-spouse of Wesir, the mother of Heru (Gr: Horus) and sister of Nebt-Het (Gr: Nephtys) and Set. They are children of Geb and Nut of the Ennead of Heliopolis. Wesir was murdered by his brother Set and his body thrown into the Nile, Aset mourned him and went out searching for his body, accompanied by her sister Nebt-Het. After many adventures she found him and managed to bring him back to life and beget his son Heru who would in time win the throne back from his uncle Set.
At certain points in history the myths were 'edited' by the priesthood in efforts to strengthen a certain deity´s influence, and thereby themselves of course. The myth cycle of Aset, Wesir and Heru is known from the Old Kingdom, and is hinted at in the Pyramid Texts. Probably myths and stories were passed on down the generations by oral tradition so we will never really know how they were told originally or what was added or subtracted through time. By the time they were rewritten and added to by Plutharch (ca 46 - ca 120), they had most likely been changed and added to during the nearly 4000 long history that had passed since their first traces appear in the Pyramid Texts.
Divine Spouse and Mourner
Out of these myths, Aset emerged as a rôle model for a devout and loving wife. During the mythical period when gods walked the earth, Wesir was the ruling king with Aset as the Divine Royal Spouse. Together they made laws and taught humans how to plow and sow the earth, how to make medicine and many other skills. When Wesir is murdered, Aset becomes the mourning widow and sets out on the long search until she finds him, manages by her magic to restore him to life and beget his child. It is in this rôle she is seen in many depictions, standing protectively behind the throne of Wesir in the Hall of Judgment and it is from this part of the myth that she developed as a mortuary deity. Her sister NebtHet is often depicted by her side here. In a Hymn to Wesir on Stela nr 20, (Bibliothèque Nationale) we can read that Aset:
"...protected him, driving away enemies, warding off [danger,] taking the foe by the excellence of her speech - she, the skilful-tongued, whose word failed not, excellent in command, Aset, effective in protecting her brother."
J.H.Breasted: Development of Religion & Thought in Ancient Egypt, Penn. 1972)
Mortuary Deity
Beginning in the Middle Kingdom, Aset and her sister Nebt-Het are often depicted on coffins in the form of two kites with outstretched wings, mourning and protecting the deceased on his bier. Aset is placed at the feet end and Nebt-Het at the head end. The connection with the kite might have been because the wail of the kite resembled the sound of weeping and mourning women. They were also depicted in anthropomorphic form, each with their hieroglyphic sign above their heads, and wings along their outstretched arms.
Image courtesy of HekenutAset
The myths also tell about how Aset hid her young child Heru from Set in the marshes of Chemmis and how she brought him up alone. There is also the myth called the Contendings of Heru and Set, which tells about how Aset interferes when Heru is fighting Set, in order to help her son regaining the throne of Egypt.
As the Mother of the king she is often depicted standing behind Pharaoh, supporting him with arms outstretched. There are also many depictions of her suckling Heru on her lap, especially from the Late period, or, as in a relief at Abydos, making offerings together with Heru to Wesir.
Aset behind Wesir, Abydos. Image courtesy J. Whitfield Relief at Abydos
Although her original appearance shows her with the hieroglyph of a throne above her head, Aset is sometimes depicted wearing the double-crown of Egypt and at times the Feather of Ma´at. She is also seen with the vulture headdress with a uraeus, in her role as Queen. She can carry a was scepter or a papyrus scepter.
More often she is seen wearing the solar disc surrounded by two cows horns and a uraeus. This began in the 18th Dynasty when she was merging with Het-Hert to a large degree. They are depicted very similarly and often the only way of differing these two Names of Netjer is by looking at their respective hieroglyphs. Sometimes you can tell by the difference in how they are dressed. While HetHert usually wears a tight-fitting dress of a single color, Aset's dress invariably wears a dress with a feather pattern, or so called 'rishi'-pattern.
She is often shown as an ordinary woman, wearing a woman´s headdress and with only the uraeus around her head. There are also depictions of her either in anthropomorphic form with wings along the length of her arms or in the form of a kite with two outstretched wings.
She can hold various symbols in her hand; either an ankh sign, the menat necklace or sistrum, these two she acquired from HetHert, or a papyrus or was staff. Sometimes she is seen kneeling on the sign for gold, with her hands on a shen ring, or holding her hands, palm towards her face in the traditional mourning position.
Statuettes of her holding a young Heru (Horus) are also frequent, especially in the Greek and Roman Period. It is also from this period that statuettes of her are seen in flowing, Roman or Greek clothes.
Aset in rishi-patterened dress, with solar disc and uraeus. From the tomb of Nefertari.
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Sources:
Aset Bibliography
The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts - transl. R.O Faulkner
The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts - transl. R.O Foulkner
The Book of Going Forth By Day - transl: T.G. Allen
Ich Bin Isis - Jan Bergman, Uppsala 1968
The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt - Richard H. Wilkinson, Thames & Hudson 2003
The Great Goddesses of Egypt - Barbara S. Lesko, University of Oklahoma Press 1999
Isis in the Ancient World - R.E. Witt, Cornell University Press 1971
Isis, Mythe et Mystères - France Le Corsu, Société d'Édition, Paris 1977
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